Table of Contents |
Basic Emotions | Basis for Inclusion | |
Arnold | Anger, aversion, courage, dejection, desire, despair, fear, hate, hope, love, sadness | Relation to action tendencies |
Ekman, Friesen, and Ellsworth | Anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise | Universal facial expressions |
Frijda | Desire, happiness, interest, surprise, wonder, sorrow | Forms of action readiness |
Gray | Rage and terror, anxiety, joy | Hardwired |
Izard | Anger, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, guilt, interest, joy, shame, surprise | Hardwired |
James | Fear, grief, love, rage | Bodily involvement |
McDougall | Anger, disgust, elation, fear, subjection, tender-emotion, wonder | Relation to instincts |
Mowrer | Pain, pleasure | Unlearned emotional states |
Oatley and Johnson-Laird | Anger, disgust, anxiety, happiness, sadness | Do not require propositional content |
Panksepp | Expectancy, fear, rage, panic | Hardwired |
Plutchik | Acceptance, anger, anticipation, disgust, joy, fear, sadness, surprise | Relation to adaptive biological processes |
Tomkins | Anger, interest, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, joy, shame, surprise | Density of neural firing |
Watson | Fear, love, rage | Hardwired |
Weiner and Graham | Happiness, sadness | Attribution independent |
Basic Emotions | Basis for Inclusion | |
(This table is taken from Ortony and Turner, 1990.)
Last modified April 1998
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Reference
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Basic Emotions Links
"Depression and Suicide in Older Adults"
Basic Emotions: Papers Elsewhere
This paper reviews reasons for depression and suicide in older adults. By Ratna Roy.
"Depression in Children: What Causes It and How We Can Help"
This paper presents models of vulnerability and stress, treatment, and prevention of depression in children. By Irina V. Sokolova.
"An Overview of Beck's Cognitive Theory of Depression in Contemporary Literature"
This paper describes the key features of Beck's cognitive theory of depression, including dysfunctional beliefs, cognitive biases, and cognitive distortions. By Josiah P. Allen.
"Social Causes of Depression"
This paper shows how the family, socialization, and gender contribute to depression. By Gregory S. Beattie.
"Why Women Are More Susceptible to Depression: An Explanation for Gender Differences"
This paper reviews possible biological and psychosocial causes for the 2:1 gender difference in the prevalence of depression. By Christina M. Mulé.
"Controlling Anger--Before It Controls You"
Basic Emotions: Websites Elsewhere
This paper maintains that uncontrolled anger is harmful, and discusses constructive ways to deal with this natural emotion. By the American Psychological Association.
"The Emotional Brain: Lessons from Fear Conditioning"
This paper discusses the work of neuroscientist Joseph E. LeDoux on the biological basis of fear. By Mary Lynn Hendrix.
"James, Aristotle, and Sartre on Emotion"
This page discusses three historically prominent theories of emotion. By Jorge Armony.
"What Is an Emotion?"
Here is the full text of the classic article in Mind. By William James.
"What's Your Emotional Intelligence Quotient?"
This is an article in the Utne Reader. By Daniel Goleman.
Emotion Home Page
Basic Emotions: Reference Sources
This website is very informative. By Jean-Marc Fellous and Eva Hudlicka.
Emotions and Disease
This is an exhibition offered by the National Library of Medicine.
Emotions and Emotional Intelligence
This website discusses a hot topic in emotion theory. By Cheri A. Young.
Geneva Emotion Research Group
This website on emotion research includes many links. By Tom Johnstone.
Suggested Readings
A list of suggested readings on this topic is also available. By G. Scott Acton.
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