Agency | Communion | |
World Views | ||
Confucius | Utilitarian Sphere | Moral Sphere |
Angyal (1941) | Autonomy | Homonomy |
Bakan (1966) | Agency | Communion |
Persons | ||
Freud | Able to Work | Able to Love |
Adler (1912, 1964) | Superiority Striving | Social Interest |
Horney (1937) | Moving against Others | Moving toward Others |
Fromm (1941) | Separate Identity | Oneness with World |
Sullivan (1953) | Need for Power | Need for Tenderness |
Erikson (1950) | Autonomy | Basic Trust |
Hogan (1983) | Achieving Status | Maintaining Peer Popularity |
McAdams (1985) | Power Motivation | Intimacy Motivation |
Language | ||
Brown (1965) | Pronouns of Power | Pronouns of Solidarity |
White (1980) | Dominance / Submission | Solidaarity / Conflict |
Benjafield and Carson (1985) | Assured-Dominant Words | Warm-Friendly Words |
Men and Women | ||
Constantinople (1973) | Masculinity? | Femininity? |
Bem (1974) | Masculinity | Femininity |
Spence (1985) | Self-Assertion | Expressiveness |
Measurement of Interpersonal Behavior | ||
Freedman et al. (1951) | Dominance / Submission | Affiliation / Hostility |
Foa and Foa (1974) | Status | Love |
Norman (1963) | Surgency | Agreeableness |
(This table is taken from Wiggins, 1991.)
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Angyal, A. (1941). Foundations for a science of personality. New York: Commonwealth Fund.
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Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.
Benjafield, J., & Carson, E. (1985). An historicodevelopmental analysis of the circumplex model of trait descriptive terms. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 4, 339-345.
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Constantinople, A. (1973). Masculinity-Femininity: An exception to a famous dictum? Psychological Bulletin, 80, 389-407.
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Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
Foa, U. G., & Foa, E. B. (1974). Societal structures of the mind. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
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Fromm, E. (1941). Escape from freedom. New York: Avon Books.
Hogan, R. (1983). A socioanalytic theory of personality. In M. M. Page (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1982 (pp. 55-89). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Horney, K. (1937). The neurotic personality of our time. New York: Norton.
McAdams, D. P. (1985). Power, intimacy and the life story: Personological inquiries into identity. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin.
Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574-583.
Spence, J. T. (1985). Gender identity and its implications for the concepts of masculinity and femininity. In T. B. Sonderegger (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1984 (pp. 59-95). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton.
White, G. M. (1980). Conceptual universals in interpersonal language. American Anthropologist, 82, 759-781.
Wiggins, J. S. (1991). Agency and communion as conceptual coordinates for the understanding and measurement of interpersonal behavior. In W. M. Grove & D. Ciccetti (Eds.), Thinking clearly about psychology: Vol. 2. Personality and psychopathology (pp. 89-113). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
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